Oldest Known Mattress Found; Slept Whole Family

Roomy mats also had insect-repelling "top sheet," archaeologists say.

Leaves found in a cave were part of a 77,000-year-old mattress.

Leaves that made up the prehistoric bedding are seen in a plaster jacket.

Photograph courtesy Marion Bamford via Science/AAAS

James Owen

Published December 8, 2011

The world's oldest known mattress has been unearthed in South Africa, archaeologists have announced.

The mattress—which consists of layers of reeds and rushes—was discovered at the bottom of a pile of bedding made from compacted grasses and leafy plants. The bedding had accumulated at the Sibudu Cave site in KwaZulu-Natal (map) over a period of 39,000 years, with the oldest mats dating to 77,000 years ago.

"What we have is evidence of plant bedding that is 50,000 years older than any previous site anywhere in the world," said study leader Lyn Wadley of the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg.

The compacted layers of fossil plants—excavated from sediments 9.8 feet (3 meters) deep—show that the bedding was periodically burned, possibly to limit pests and garbage.

(See "Oldest 'Art Studio' Found; Evidence of Early Chemistry.")

Insect-Repelling "Top Sheet"

What's more, researchers believe the ancient people added a "top sheet" to the bedding made of insect-repelling greenery, possibly to ward off biting bugs such as mosquitoes and flies.

This fine covering of leaves may also represent the earliest known use of medicinal plants by humans.

The leaves are from the tree Cryptocarya woodii, or river wild-quince, a medicinal plant that produces insect-killing chemicals.

While there's no evidence that the cave dwellers suffered from bed bugs, they likely used the leaves to counteract body lice, Wadley said.

Comfortable Bedding for Whole Family

At an estimated 12 inches (30 centimeters) or so high, the mattresses would've been a "very comfortable" and "quite long-lasting form of bedding," Wadley said.

Measuring up to 22 square feet (2 square meters), the beds were also large enough to accommodate a whole family.

For modern hunter-gatherers, such as the Inuit and Kalahari Bushmen, "the idea of just one or two people sleeping on a bed is unknown," she noted.

"Hunter-gatherers tend to live with each other in kinship groups," said Wadley, whose study appears tomorrow in the journal Science.

(See "Earliest Known Nuclear Family Found; Died in Massacre?")

"It was probably the same in the Stone Age—parents, children, grannies, and all sorts of people using the same bed."