What about this thought? Imagine that your toes are removed. They are deformed and you'll never ever walk the same again.
Although removing the claws of cats is controversial, science on the matter is indecisive.
Photograph by Westend61 GmbH / Alamy
Published September 10, 2013
A California veterinarian is taking her crusade across North America with a documentary that opens this month.
The Paw Project is directed by Jennifer Conrad, a vet who spent much of her career working with exotic animals. After observing the debilitating effect of declawing on tigers, lions, and other big cats, she began to perform reparative surgeries on their paws. Her attention soon turned to smaller felines: the millions of domesticated pet cats in America.
"Cats are the underdogs," Conrad told National Geographic about her motivation for the film. "I wanted to challenge this; I wanted to protect them."
The documentary—Conrad's first film—follows her quest to ban declawing in North America. She has seen some success so far: Eight cities in California, including San Francisco and Los Angeles, have banned the practice unless it is medically necessary. Conrad also said that veterinary students she has met with have been receptive and "relieved" by her message, but that she has had a strong pushback from practicing veterinarians and veterinary organizations.
While Conrad and her film condemn declawing, many vets continue to defend the practice. Science on the subject remains divisive.
While both the Humane Society and American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) strongly discourage declawing except in very specific medical circumstances, major veterinary organizations including the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the American Association of Feline Practitioners do not take a hard-line stance.
In position statements posted on their websites, the latter two organizations outline their belief that declawing should be rare, but remain an option when behavior modification fails. That sentiment is echoed by many vets across the country who call for increased education about cat behavior rather than outright bans on declawing.
"It is a major problem when there is no education about alternatives," said Carlo Siracusa of the University of Pennsylvania's School of Veterinary Medicine. "There is a lot of misinformation about animal behavior."
What Is Declawing?
When cats start scratching people or furniture, declawing can seem like a way to make a problem kitten more house-friendly. But the surgery is not an easy procedure for the cat, said Siracusa. Instead, "it's a stressful, major event."
The most common procedure, called an onychectomy, is actually an amputation of the last bones in the cat's paws—often likened to cutting off a person's fingers at the top knuckle. The surgery is performed on the two front paws—declawing of the rear paws is rare—with a scalpel, guillotine-style nail clippers, or a laser. Wounds are closed with surgical glue or bandages.
If all goes well, the declawed cat recovers in a matter of days. However, studies estimate that some form of complication—including pain, hemorrhaging, and claw regrowth—occurs in 25 to 50 percent of declaw surgeries.
Another procedure, deep digital flexor tendonectomy, involves cutting the tendon on the back of the cat's paw that allows a cat to control its claws. Following a tendonectomy, claws tend to grow in thicker because cats cannot scratch to condition them, so they may grow into the paw pad. Owners are advised to trim their cat's nails every week or two, which can prove to be arduous.
Due to such complications, the American Veterinary Medical Association advises against tendonectomies.
A 2001 study by the National Council for Pet Population Study and Policy estimated 25 percent of pet cats in America are declawed, although a more recent regional study in North Carolina suggests the number might be slightly lower. In many countries, including Australia, Brazil, and much of Europe, the procedure is banned unless it is necessary for the health of the cat.
(See "First Person: It's Hard to Send a Pet to Heaven.")
What Are the Alternatives?
Scratching is perfectly natural for cats, said Barbara Sherman, a professor of veterinary behavior at North Carolina State University's College of Veterinary Medicine. Cats scratch and use their claws to mark their territory, condition their nails, defend themselves, capture prey, and play, she said. They also use their claws to stretch their backs.
Dealing with scratching is especially important for indoor cats, Sherman said, because "when cats live exclusively in the house, you have to meet all of the cats' needs in a contained space."
That means several simple but important steps for owners: getting kittens used to having their paws handled and their nails clipped, providing a scratching post near where the cat naps and an elevated resting spot where the cat will feel safe, and meeting their needs for exercise and play. These accommodations can eliminate problem behavior, said Sherman, making it unnecessary to consider declawing.
Another alternative is to have small plastic caps put over cats' claws to prevent scratching. The caps are applied to each claw using an adhesive by a vet or pet owner. As the claw grows out, the caps fall off, so they need to be replaced about every six weeks. They are sometimes recommended for cats that are adjusting to a new home or other change.
Why the Controversy?
The debate over declawing reveals deep divisions in the veterinary community, a fact noted by nearly every research paper on the subject. While some vets—like Conrad—are totally opposed to the practice, others believe that it should remain an option for pet owners.
Just what is best for cats' welfare depends on if the surgery is viewed as animal cruelty or a humane way to maintain harmony between cats and their owners.
Much of the debate hinges on whether declawing makes cats more likely to stay in a family home, or puts them at risk of being surrendered to a shelter. Conrad argues that declawing can make cats prone to litter box avoidance and biting, and that these troubled cats are more likely to end up abandoned.
But "there is no solid evidence that declawing leads to behavior problems," said Siracusa. He wants to see well-designed studies on the effects of declawing and said he has concerns with available research because it relies on the outcomes of declaw surgeries conducted by students.
"What we do know about, though, is pain," said Siracusa. There are legitimate concerns with declawing, he said, and "it should not be a standard procedure."
Siracusa believes that, eventually, America will go the way of Europe and require special permission for the procedure.
Julie Meadows, a professor at the University of California Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, said she has seen the popularity of declawing decline during her 25-year veterinary career. She thinks declawing can play a role in protecting the human-animal bond, and in some cases it can keep cats in happy homes.
"It's not fair to say we are never going to declaw cats because some people will be put in a bind," she said.
Meadows is concerned about the decline of declawing training at vet schools. A recent study showed that only 50 percent of U.S. veterinary programs have mandatory declawing instruction. "The potential complications of declawing are associated with inexperience and less than perfect technique," Meadows said.
Gary Patronek of Tufts University's Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, whose publications have been quoted by people on both sides of the declawing debate, said in an email that his older research offers "something for everyone" and his work on the risk factors for cats being left at shelters was "really quite inconclusive" when it came to declawing. But for Patronek, the issue is about much more than cats being abandoned.
"Supporting science can help, of course," he writes, "but this is an issue very firmly rooted in ethical notions about cats and how they deserve to live—even if declawed cats are not at increased risk of relinquishment, it doesn't mean that they are 'happy' living in their homes without claws."
Conrad calls declawing a "peculiar practice" in North America because she says it is considered unethical in so many other parts of the world.
"We have let it happen here and no one has challenged it," Conrad continued. In The Paw Project, Conrad attributes the continued existence of declawing to vets who rely on the income from the surgery and fail to provide alternatives to their clients.
With this film Conrad wants get all pet lovers thinking about the choices they make and end declawing once and for all. "I hope that Americans and Canadians begin to really question what's right for their animals," she said.
Do you have any experience with declawed cats you'd like to share?
41 comments
I definitely agree with Joan Paul-Nguyen . You said everything I thought of when reading this article. I say to those that want to declaw, to think about cutting humans hands off so they won't hurt anyone. It's the same concept. When humans don't like something they act selfishly and rid its problem. Those that don't understand this articles shouldn't have animals at all. You're missing the big picture, not just their hands! It's called feelings. Don't get a cat if you plan to deform it.
My mom is a medical professional and well educated about human anatomy, so she had no idea what declawing entailed - until we went to pick up the cat from the vet's. We were totally horrified and dumbfounded. Our shock made the vet tech so unnerved that she had trouble explaining the cat's aftercare. Even though that was some 20 years ago, I routinely run into cat owners who don't know what declawing is. I don't think a profession which allows it's members to behave that way should be trusted. I certainly would NOT want to work for such an employer and don't want to patronize clinics which declaw cats.
The information I've seen posted by vet clinics about declawing is obviously promoting it when they don't include any info about alternatives or behavior modification. If they have info about including declawing as part of a "kitten wellness package", the client hasn't even had a chance to know about normal feline behavior, that scratching posts are essential equipment, that nail trimming is routine grooming (just like it is for dogs), and they haven't had a chance to train their kitten where to scratch.
I believe all veterinary professionals, cat owners and those who care for cats should see "The Paw Project Movie" and the other evidence about declawing. There is no way that it's ethical to declaw once you are aware of all the complications, both short and long-term.
Studies were not conducted on declawing to see if it adversely affects cats. One vet started doing them, then other vets started. They didn't even think cats used to feel pain! Even now it's extremely difficult to judge how much pain they are in because cats have evolved to be so stoic.
Fact: Post-operative pain remains a problem and is not treated effectively or for long enough, even by those who know better.
- A force-plate analysis of 27 declawed cats treated with 3 different pain protocols found that all cats were still shifting their weight off their front paws 12 days after surgery. They authors suggested that (even though they did not do it themselves) pain management should be continued for at least 12 days post-op. (Romans CW, Gordon WJ, Robinson DA, et al. Effect of postoperative analgesic protocol on limb function following onychectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005 Jul 1;227(1):89-93.)
- In response, a group of five veterinarians wrote a letter to the editor of JAVMA objecting to the lack of adequate pain relief. (Hornstein SE, Stein R, Thompson D, et al. Questions analgesic protocols and conclusions of onychectomy study. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005 Jul 1;227(1):89-93.)
- Despite their own recommendations, the same authors subsequently did another study on declawing in which they provided equally poor pain control and only for 2 days. (Robinson DA, Romans CW, Gordon-Evans WJ, et al. Evaluation of short-term limb function following unilateral carbon dioxide laser or scalpel onychectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc.2007 Feb 1;230(3):353-8.) - http://www.littlebigcat.com/declawing/declawing-and-science/
Has anyone ever thought, why declaw? (In exceptions of medical reasons)
If one truly questions it, one will find the answer that it is done for selfish reasons such that as mentioned above, they will not scratch people or the furniture. In the first place, simply put it don't get a cat.
If putting your pet at your convenience is what you call "I love my cat" then your love is truly warped in a sense. Whether the cat feels pain/behavioural problems after declawing does not matter. The REASON behind choosing the option to declaw matters. Listen to yourself. And you'll realise how selfish one can be.
I love my cats, and guess what, all three are DECLAWED... do any of them have behavioral problems because of it, no, are they in pain because of it, no, did anything horribly traumatizing happen to them because of it, NO..my oldest cat survived a week after he got out accidentally, and guess who came back alive and guess who didnt have any claws...like I said, I love em dearly, but declawing isnt the end of the world
I have 2 cats, that i have had since they were babies. and i couldnt imagine declawing them. specially because my friend declawed her cat, and he wasnt the same. ever again. i will not traumatize my cat or even take the risk.
Declawing a cat in return for a lifetime of room, board, and love is a good deal for the cat.
I, absolutely, 100%, am willing to let someone partially amputate my fingers in return for never having to work again. 2 million dollars up front and I _WILL_ let you cut off the top part of my digits.
http://llltexas.com <- my blog, if you want to take me up on my offer:D
...if you declaw your cat you should have your fingers removed at the first knuckle !!! =/
We feed birds and love them. It makes us sick every time a cat kills one-which happens frequently. Countless birds are killed by house cats in this country every year-in the billions I believe. As far as I am concerned, for every bird killed by a cat, a cat should be killed. They are nothing but pests. If people insist on owning cats they should be required to be on a lead at all times. Perhaps the owners too.
This debate is utter nonsense. I am 54 and have had cats my entire life, almost none of which were declawed--and despite following all the advice in this column--from perches, to scratching posts all over the house (including by sleeping area)--and in cases of indoor/outdoor cats--it made zero difference; the cats, over 15-19 year lives, destroyed the furniture upholstery in the home I grew up in as well as my furniture when i was single. Even so, my mother and I never declawed our cats, following this dogmatic nonsense that it is bad.
For last 15 years I've had 2 declawed cats taken as kittens from shelter.
It did not make one bit of difference in terms of the cat's behavior--and I've had at least 20 cats in my lifetime--all of which I had until they died, either naturally, disease or accident. Tthey are excellent mousers in the house ; they play just as all my other cats did in terms of wrestling w. each other, kicking objects around; they don't seem in the least bit incapacitated in jumping on furniture, etc. And, they don't seem in the least bit pyschologically different.
I certainly would not want them to be outdoor cats w. this done, and I don't claim the cat can't be harmed if the surgery is done incorrectly--but based on my experience, I think the comments in this article, as well as the comments by obvious cat-lovers are based on emotion, not facts.
I think it's cruel to declaw cats. As a teen my mother adopted an older cat who had already been declawed. She had four kids (of which I'm the eldest) and eventually he managed to get outside. Well he paid dearly for not having any claws to defend himself and it eventually killed him. I have a kitten who is just a few months old and we are going through growing pains while he learns where to use his claws and where not to but I'm sure he will eventually figure it out.
Personally, I do not believe in declawing a cat. I do not wish to see any animal go through surgery and the pain of recovery and complications. However, about two years ago I adopted a stray kitten. The kitten appeared to have been abused and was very aggressive towards people. After around 4 months of working to calm the kitten, giving him scratching posts, and playing with him he was still very aggressive and regularly used his claws to attack myself and my guests. Therefore, during the procedure of neutering, I had him declawed. There were no complications and my veterinarian gave me pain medication to be sure he was comfortable until he recovered. Two years later, I have a very playful and loving cat. I likely would not have been able to keep him in my home had he not been declawed.
"Declawing" is not simply taking the claws out, it is amputation of the cats "fingers." Cats have a sheath that grows around their nails and when they scratch it is to remove the bothersome sheath. Trimming a cats fingernails, only the sharp tip, not below that will solve the problem. Go to any petstore and buy a trimmer for your cats nails. I trim the front of Yoda's nails once a month, the back claws usually about every 6 months, they seem to grow slower. You can also buy a carpeted post, I have never had a cat that used a sisal post but perhaps your cat would prefer that. If you are worried your cat would kill a bird, here is the solution, do NOT let your cat outside! The average lifespan of a cat that is allowed outside is 1 - 5 years. The average lifespan of a cat kept indoors is 13 to 17 years. Cats do not need to be outside to be happy. My cat Yoda is 16 and if it is up to me we are aiming for at least 20.years. Europe does not allow kittens or cats to be "declawed" I could say a lot more but I won't because declawing a kitten or cat makes me angry. Declawing is cruel and cats use their "fingers." I would NEVER declaw a cat and anyone who does declaw a cat in my opinion should go to jail for abusing an animal. If you care more about your precious couch and you are to lazy to trim your cats nails, do NOT get a kitten or cat!
I completely agree with you if you cant accept animals as they are then you shouldnt have them as pets. Same with any animal that must be kept in a cage or on a chain they werent meant to be pets!!
Also, kneading on your lap, pushing and pulling their claws in and out, and flexing their claws, these are all ways that cats show their emotions, namely happiness, such as a dog wagging his tail. Why would you deny them to ability to express themselves? If you can't accept them as they are, be a responsible pet owner, and do not get one.
My family has 10 rescued cats, none of which are declawed. One had a bad habit of scratching on the woodwork beside the front door, but after putting a scratching post right next to this particular spot, she hasn't touched the woodwork, and scratches exclusively on the post. Several of them were even older when they were brought into the home, but all have learned to use scratching posts easily. They seem to prefer the sisal rope wrapped posts over the cheap cardboard ones. With proper training and a little patience, yes, cats can be trained, there is absolutely no reason to declaw a cat.
Once declawed cats do not like thier paws being touched. My cats were never declawed and never minded thier paws being touched. It is possible to teach a cat to keep thier claws retracted when interacting with humans. I believe declawing is inhumane and horrible, its like having your fingers cut off just behind the fingernail bed. Ill never declaw a cat.
We foolishly declawed our first cat, Minnie, and caused her no end of difficulty. We had not yet learned that cats will not misuse their claws if you provide them with scratching posts. You must learn to love their claws as a vital part of the cat's being.
Charlie would use my leg as a scratching post, but *only* when I was
wearing a very tattered old pair of denim jeans. She would dig her claws
into that, just like scratching a tree; but she *never* broke my skin.
Cats must be very sensitive to what their claws are doing.
Cats were made with claws; what gives humans the right to declaw them? Would you, as a person, want your fingernails ripped off? No? Neither do cats want theirs. Yes I saw cats unable to defend themselves and as a result were wounded and eventually die because of no claws.
@jezz marie Please examine your cats' feet and compare them to normal, healthy anatomy. On declawed cats you should notice their toe pads are all abnormally shrunken with calluses from uneven, unnatural pressure bearing down from amputated toe bones. Their toes will be in various stages of hyperflexion - see comparitive photos and x-rays - http://www.littlebigcat.com/declawing/physical-consequences-of-declawing/ .
A cat who is walking on toes at an unnatural angle will likely develop arthritis and other physical problems as time goes on. The way that declawing throws everything out of whack and adversely affects their conformation would be unacceptable on other animals that walk on their toes, like dogs or horses, so why would it be acceptable on cats? Most vets will acknowledge that declawed cats walk differently; they can tell which cat is declawed from across a room. Why should it be okay to cause such awful deformities in an animal?
Cats are stoic and don't show they are in pain like some other animals do. For example, vets will admit cats can have abscessed teeth and still eat where a person would be unable to. Don't assume cats aren't in pain because you don't see any evidence of it. It's a logical fallacy to assume lack of evidence is proof they are not in pain (It is axiomatic in science that “lack of evidence does not equal evidence of lack.”- see http://www.littlebigcat.com/declawing/declawing-and-science/).
@David Boyle Ok, so for every prey species killed, a predator should be killed? For every zebra killed by a lion, a lion should be killed in turn? This is the most ridiculous statement I have ever heard. While I know that **some** areas have a problem with feral cat populations and declining bird populations, your argument is simply silly. Cats kill birds. It happens. Circle of life. Do you eat beef? Because I really like cows. So...I think you should be killed if you eat one. Totally logical, right?
@David Boyle A lot of people around the world dislike cats. I'm a cat lover myself, but I do find it interesting that many do have a visceral negative reaction to them (beyond those who are allergic). I wonder if something in our genetic memory is going on. I associate cats with positive things, not the least of which was keeping rodents down, but I do wonder...
@derwood kirkwood There IS physical proof that declawing is bad. It's comparable to how they used to bind the feet of baby girls in China so they'd be fashionably tiny, but deformed and painful. Please examine the feet of declawed cats and compare them to normal, healthy anatomy. On declawed cats you should notice their toe pads are all abnormally shrunken with calluses from uneven, unnatural pressure bearing down from amputated toe bones. Their toes will be in various stages of hyperflexion and get worse over time - see comparitive photos and x-rays - http://www.littlebigcat.com/declawing/physical-consequences-of-declawing/ .
A cat who is walking on toes at an unnatural angle will likely develop arthritis and other physical problems as time goes on. The way that declawing throws everything out of whack and adversely affects their conformation would be unacceptable on other animals that walk on their toes, like dogs or horses, so why would it be acceptable on cats? Most vets will acknowledge that declawed cats walk differently; they can tell which cat is declawed from across a room. Why should it be okay to cause such awful deformities in an animal?
Cats are stoic and don't show they are in pain like some other animals do. For example, vets will admit cats can have abscessed teeth and still eat where a person would be unable to. Don't assume cats aren't in pain because you don't see any evidence of it. It's a logical fallacy to assume lack of evidence is proof they are not in pain (It is axiomatic in science that “lack of evidence does not equal evidence of lack.”- see http://www.littlebigcat.com/declawing/declawing-and-science/).
@derwood kirkwood Interesting, thanks for sharing. The one thing I might suggest is that you are still dealing with a small sample size. I do wonder if certain individual cats might be more likely to have a problem. Unfortunately studies on the subject are difficult, so there isn't much data.
@Scott Stinner this is a great story and certainly proves that declawing should not be outlawed. It may be taboo or socially frowned upon but in this case it did save the cats life because most cats dont leave shelters.
@Susan Powers Lock me up. When I was newly married and had a baby, we declawed each of our kittens. We tried to not get them to scratch, but I was young and didn't properly know how to trim to avoid the quick. One of the kittens was going at my daughter's face, unprovoked when she was a toddler. It was simple, get rid of a family member (the kitten) or declaw him. He passed away at 15.5 years old. Never went outside except when we moved. He was a pound kitten.
Because of the death of our beloved Tiger, we have brought two kittens into our home. My kids are not small, I have a little more time on my hands to focus on training and know now how to properly trim, so I am choosing to go the trim route. I would be more persuaded with people giving medical facts of how their paw shifts (as above), etc than to hear the argument of it changes their personality they stop using the litter box, start biting, etc. Because all four of my declaws did not have this issue. Now that I have read up on the phantom sensation I will make sure that is a con to declaw.
When we move (military family), we make sure we move into a place that allows all of our babies or we look elsewhere. For many years we had 3 cats and this was soo hard as most places were capped at 2. We would move heaven and earth to make sure our family members moved with us. We lost a good number of cheaper places, more convenient places, but the trade off was worth bringing our babies and not rehoming them.
To change a person's mind sometimes tact and facts are better than saying someone should be jailed. Three of my four cats were rescues. Had it been better to let them die?
@Laura Maddox One of my dogs we kennel because it has a tendency to pee on the floor during the night.
Dog actually likes her kennel. Goes there on her own all the time. It's her 'safe place', if she won't come out she probably has a burr in her foot.
http://llltexas.com <- my blog
@Laura Maddox but not all birds hate their cages, some view them as homes they sleep in. and some dogs use kennels to sleep in.
@Marie H. My declawed cats still knead. A live cat that is declawed is better than one PTS in a shelter.
Before making broad statements, taking time to know the owner, talking with the owner, and stating medically why it is not the best way is the best way to change someone's mind.
I am a responsible pet owner (see above to another poster where I stated we move with out cats). We are choosing to train our new babies, not declaw because we are in a better position to do so.
@Marie H. One thing I was told while reporting this story was that since pets are so popular in America people may get them even when they can't provide the best living situation for the animal. I think research and education can make a huge difference though—some of the things Barbara Sherman talked about, like providing an elevated resting spot, are really important for the cat but not well understood by pet owners.
@Paul Sr I, personally, would love to get the same deal cats get in return for their declawing.
2 million dollars up front, payable via escrow before surgery, and the tips of my fingers are yours.
http://llltexas.com <- my blog
@Dan Cosgrove @Xira Arien I'd figure out a way. The tips of your fingers aren't THAT important.
@Charlie Pennington @David Boyle This was so funny I couldn't stop laughing! People can hate on cats all they want. I'm not a fan of dogs. I would like to kill the one next door for barking all dang day and night, but I don't. Someone loves that animal. Cats are rated the most dangerous animals alive. They got skills your brain couldn't come up with, David.
@Brian Howard @David Boyle That negativity is one of the things that makes Jennifer Conrad so passionate about this project—she thinks cats are unfairly maligned more than other animals.
The negative reaction is surprising to me too since there are so many cat lovers and cats are jousting with dogs to be America's favorite pet, but I think the large population of feral cats has a lot to do with it
@Katia Andreassi @Marie H. Have you seen the comparative x-rays and photos of healthy, intact paws of domestic cats vs. declawed ones? I had x-rays taken of our declawed cats paws and can confirm they are grossly deformed too - http://www.littlebigcat.com/declawing/physical-consequences-of-declawing/
What about doing surveys of vets and seeing what type of pain meds they use and how long to they give medication for? There is evidence that it's not adequate, even amongst vets who conducted the study and who should know better! I found this disturbingly unethical. See "Declawing and Science" - http://www.littlebigcat.com/declawing/declawing-and-science/
Efforts are underway to make declawing illegal in places, including the state of Colorado, the provinces of Ontario and New Brunswick as well as the rest of Canada. While vet associations in different provinces have various positions on declawing, the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association is strongly opposed to it (http://www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/onychectomy-of-the-domestic-felid#.UjcamMasiM4).
@Xira Arien @Paul Sr Talk is cheap. Blog about it when you have your digits cut off.
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