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Elkhorn Coral
Photograph by Luis Javier Sandoval, Oxford Scientific/Getty Images
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries Service announced in November a proposal to list 66 coral species, such as the elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) pictured above, as either endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Fifty-nine of the coral species are found in the Pacific while seven are found in the Caribbean.
Climate change and ocean acidification are the leading threats to coral species, according to a biological review team convened by NOAA to assess the status of coral species in U.S. waters.
Elkhorn coral is already listed as threatened under the ESA. But disease, bleaching events—when corals lose the symbiotic algae that gives them their color—and low genetic diversity are pushing this species into further declines, prompting the proposal to bump its status to endangered. (See related photos of corals.)Published December 7, 2012
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Pillar Coral
Photograph courtesy NOAA/FPWC
Found in the Caribbean (map), pillar coral (Dendrogyra cylindrus) is unusual because the polyps come out during the day to feed, giving this species a fuzzy appearance. Many coral species usually feed at night. NOAA's Fisheries Service is proposing to designate pillar coral as endangered under the ESA due to habitat decline.
Published December 7, 2012
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Rough Cactus Coral
Photograph by Mary Beth Angelo, Photo Researchers/Getty Images
Found in the Caribbean, southern portions of the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and the Bahamas, the rough cactus coral (Mycetophyllia ferox) is especially susceptible to disease and bleaching events. It's already listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Published December 7, 2012
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Mountainous Star Coral
Photograph courtesy NOAA
This hefty-looking species is already listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Found in the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and the Bahamas, mountainous star coral (Montastraea faveolata) populations have declined by as much as 90 percent in places such as Jamaica. Habitat loss combined with bleaching events and disease have contributed to these declines. (Related: "Warming, Disease Causing Major Caribbean Reef Die-Off.")
Published December 7, 2012
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Branching Coral
Photograph by Keith A. Ellenbogen, AP
Branching corals (Acropora spp.) are found in the Atlantic ocean, the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Indo-Pacific region. NOAA has proposed two species in the Caribbean for endangered status, including the staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis), while 19 species in the Indo-Pacific area are proposed for threatened status. (Related: "Coral Reefs Vanishing Faster Than Rain Forests.")
Published December 7, 2012
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Boulder Star Coral
Photograph from Nature/UIG/Getty Images
This boulder star coral (Montastrea annularis) currently has its polyps extended, lending it a neon yellow-green color. Already listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, when given the chance, it can be the dominant coral species in lagoons or on the shallower parts of reef slopes.
Published December 7, 2012
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