Top Ten Discoveries of 2010: Nat Geo News's Most Popular

9. Hints of "Structures" Beyond Universe

Photograph courtesy Misti Mountain Observatory

"Dark flow" is no fluke, suggested a March study that strengthened the case for unknown, unseen "structures" lurking on the outskirts of creation.

In 2008 scientists reported the discovery of hundreds of galaxy clusters streaming in the same direction at more than 2.2 million miles (3.6 million kilometers) an hour.

This mysterious motion can't be explained by current models for distribution of mass in the universe. So the researchers made the controversial suggestion that the clusters are being tugged on by the gravity of matter outside the known universe.

In the 2010 study the same team found that the dark flow extends even deeper into the universe than previously reported: out to at least 2.5 billion light-years from Earth.

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Published November 30, 2010

8. Lizard Evolving for Live Birth

Photograph courtesy Rebecca A. Pyles

Evolution has been caught in the act, according to a study we covered this summer suggesting that a species of Australian lizard is abandoning egg-laying in favor of live birth.

Along the warm coastal lowlands of New South Wales (map), the yellow-bellied three-toed skink lays eggs to reproduce. But individuals of the same species living in the state's higher, colder mountains are almost all giving birth to live young.

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Published November 30, 2010

7. Shapes Reveal "Lost" Amazon World

Photograph courtesy Édison Caetano

Hundreds of circles, squares, and other geometric shapes once hidden by forest hint at a previously unknown ancient society that flourished in the Amazon, according to a study released in January.

Satellite images of the upper Amazon River Basin taken since 1999 have revealed more than 200 geometric earthworks spanning a distance greater than 155 miles (250 kilometers).

The researchers behind the January study, though, estimated that nearly ten times as many such structures—of unknown purpose—may exist undetected under the Amazon's forest cover.

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Published November 30, 2010

6. Black Holes Contain Universes?

Image courtesy NASA/CXC/CfA/R.Kraft et al., MPIfR/ESO/APEX/A.Weiss et al. and ESO/WFI

Like part of a cosmic Russian doll, our universe may be nested inside a black hole that is itself part of a larger universe.

In turn, all the black holes found so far in our universe—from the microscopic to the supermassive—may be doorways into alternate realities.

According to a mind-bending study released this past spring, a black hole is actually a tunnel between universes—a type of wormhole. The matter the black hole attracts doesn't collapse into a single point, as has been predicted, but rather gushes out a "white hole" at the other end of the black one, the theory goes.

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Published November 30, 2010

5. "Yoda Bat," Other Rarities Found

Photograph courtesy Piotr Naskrecki, Conservation International

This tube-nosed fruit bat—immortalized elsewhere as the "Yoda bat"—is just one of the roughly 200 species encountered during two scientific expeditions to Papua New Guinea in 2009, including a katydid that "aims for the eyes" and a frog that does a mean cricket impression, Conservation International announced in October.

Though seen on previous expeditions, the bat has yet to be formally documented as a new species, or even named. Like other fruit bats, though, it disperses seeds from the fruit in its diet, perhaps making the flying mammal crucial to its tropical rain forest ecosystem.

In all, the expeditions to Papua New Guinea's Nakanai and Muller mountain ranges found 24 new species of frogs, 2 new mammals, and nearly a hundred new insects. The remote island country's mountain ranges—which have yielded troves of new and unusual species in recent years—are accessible only by plane, boat, foot, or helicopter.

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Published November 30, 2010

4. Noah's Ark Found in Turkey?

Photograph by Martin Gray, National Geographic

A team of evangelical Christian explorers claimed they'd found the remains of Noah's ark beneath snow and volcanic debris on Turkey's Mount Ararat (pictured) in April.

But some archaeologists and historians took the latest claim that Noah's ark had been found about as seriously as they had past ones—not very.

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Published November 30, 2010

3. Odd Species Found Off Greenland

Photograph courtesy Julius Nielsen, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources

Looking like a creature from the Alien movies, this nightmarish "longhead dreamer" anglerfish was until recently an alien species to Greenland waters (map).

The dreamer, which grows to a not-so-monstrous 6.7 inches (17 centimeters) long, is 1 of 38 fish species found around the Arctic island for the first time, according to a study released in February.

Ten of the species new to Greenland are new to science, too. All 38 were discovered since the last such survey in 1992.

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Published November 30, 2010

2. Dead Sea Scrolls Mystery Solved?

Photograprh by Baz Ratner, Reuters

The recent decoding of a cryptic cup, the excavation of ancient Jerusalem tunnels, and other archaeological detective work may help solve one of the great biblical mysteries: Who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?

The new clues hint that the scrolls, which include some of the oldest known biblical documents, may have been the textual treasures of several groups, hidden away during wartime—and may even be "the great treasure from the Jerusalem Temple," which held the Ark of the Covenant, according to the Bible.

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Published November 30, 2010

1. Fish With "Hands" Are New Species

Photograph courtesy Karen Gowlett-Holmes

Using its fins to walk, rather than swim, along the ocean floor in an undated picture, the pink handfish is one of nine newly named species described in a scientific review of the handfish family released in May.

The new-species determinations were made based on a number of factors, including number of vertebrae and fin rays, coloration, the presence of scales and spines, and proportional body measurements, according to the review's author.

Even among the previously known species, the fish are poorly studied, the review authors added. Little is known about their biology or behavior.

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Published November 30, 2010